What Is Bariatric (Obesity) Surgery? Who Is Eligible? | Emsey Hospital
What Is Obesity (Bariatric) Surgery? Who Is It For?
Obesity is a serious disease characterized by excessive fat accumulation that threatens health. Bariatric (obesity) surgery is an effective option for durable weight loss and for treating obesity-related comorbidities when diet and exercise have not achieved results.
What Is Obesity?
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is defined as a Body Mass Index (BMI) > 30.
BMI = weight (kg) / height (m²)
BMI Classification (WHO):
- 18.5–24.9: Normal weight
- 25.0–29.9: Overweight
- ≥30.0: Obesity
- 30.0–34.9: Class I
- 35.0–39.9: Class II
- ≥40.0: Class III (Morbid Obesity)
Health Problems Caused by Obesity
- Type 2 diabetes
- Hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis
- Cardiovascular disease
- Sleep apnea
- Joint problems (osteoarthritis)
- Depression and social isolation
- Increased risk of breast, colon and endometrial cancers
- Fatty liver disease
What Is Bariatric Surgery?
Bariatric surgery comprises procedures designed to restrict intake and/or reduce absorption, supporting significant weight loss and improvement in obesity-related diseases (e.g., diabetes, hypertension). It is not an aesthetic procedure; it is a medical treatment for obesity and its complications.
Who Is Eligible?
Typically suitable for patients who:
- Have BMI ≥ 40, or
- Have BMI 35–39.9 with serious comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea), and
- Have not achieved weight loss with diet, exercise, or medications, and
- Are psychologically and physically fit for surgery.
Types of Bariatric Surgery
Sleeve Gastrectomy (Tube Stomach)
- Removes a large portion of the stomach, leaving a sleeve-shaped pouch.
- Lowers hunger hormones.
- Patients typically lose ~60–70% of excess weight in the first year.
Gastric Bypass
- Reduces stomach volume and bypasses part of the small intestine.
- Decreases calorie absorption; rapid weight loss; quick improvement in diabetes.
Intragastric Balloon
- A silicone balloon is placed endoscopically.
- A temporary, non-surgical option (usually removed in 6–12 months).
Duodenal Switch
- Combines sleeve gastrectomy with significant intestinal bypass.
- Considered for severe (super) obesity.
Adjustable Gastric Band
- A silicone band placed around the upper stomach to restrict capacity.
How Is Obesity Surgery Performed?
Before surgery, patients undergo comprehensive evaluation by General Surgery and a multidisciplinary team (cardiology, pulmonology, psychology, anesthesia, endocrinology & metabolism). Pre-op tests include upper endoscopy, abdominal ultrasound, and laboratory work-up.
On surgery day, patients arrive after 8–12 hours of fasting. Procedures are performed under general anesthesia, most often via laparoscopy (minimally invasive), which shortens recovery and reduces complication risk. Operation time varies by technique, typically 1–3 hours.
An initial liquid diet is followed for 1–2 weeks, then advanced stepwise based on recovery.
Post-Op Care: What to Watch For
- Diet progression: liquids → purées (weeks 2–4) → solids (after ~1 month).
- Protein-forward nutrition each meal to preserve muscle and support healing.
- Avoid sugary/fatty foods; no carbonated/acidic drinks; avoid alcohol.
- Hydration: 1.5–2 L/day; do not drink with meals; wait ≥30 min before/after.
FAQs
How much weight is typically lost?
Most patients lose ~50–70% of excess weight in the first year. Long-term success depends on lifestyle (diet, activity).
What should I eat after surgery?
Advance from liquids to soft foods, then protein-rich solids; prioritize water and low-fat choices. Work with a dietitian.
Can weight regain occur?
Yes—if dietary and activity recommendations are not followed.
When can I become pregnant after surgery?
Wait at least 12 months after surgery.
For personalized evaluation and more information, please contact the General Surgery Department at Emsey Hospital.
